The Old Man and the Sea served to reinvigorate Hemingway's literary reputation and was greeted with relief by some critics who had been dismayed by his last full-length novel Across the River and into the Trees and believed Hemingway was a spent force. The Old Man and the Sea is taught at schools around the world and continues to earn foreign royalties. The success of The Old Man and the Sea made Hemingway an international celebrity. In May 1953, the novella received the Pulitzer Prize and was specifically cited when in 1954 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature which he dedicated to the Cuban people. The Old Man and the Sea became a Book of the Month Club selection, and made Hemingway a celebrity. The first edition print run of the book was 50,000 copies and five million copies of the magazine were sold in two days. The book, dedicated to Charlie Scribner and to Hemingway's literary editor Max Perkins, was simultaneously published in book form – featuring a cover illustration by his young muse, Adriana Ivancich, and black and white illustrations by Charles Tunnicliffe and Raymond Sheppard – and featured in Life magazine on September 1, 1952. Written in 1951, The Old Man and the Sea is Hemingway's final work published during his lifetime. But if I made them good and true enough they would mean many things. I tried to make a real old man, a real boy, a real sea and a real fish and real sharks. No good book has ever been written that has in it symbols arrived at beforehand and stuck in . Santiago returns to sleep, and he dreams of his youth and of lions on an African beach. He and Manolin promise to fish together once again. When Santiago wakes, he donates the head of the fish to Pedrico, a fellow fisherman who has long been kind to Santiago. A pair of tourists at a nearby café mistake the dead fish for a shark. The fishermen tell Manolin to tell Santiago how sorry they are. One of them measures it at 18 feet (5.5 m) from nose to tail. A group of fishermen have gathered around the remains of the marlin. As he leaves to get coffee for Santiago, he cries. He struggles to his shack, leaving the fish head and skeleton with his skiff. Santiago reaches shore before dawn the next day.
He tells the sharks they have killed his dreams. Upon seeing a shark attempt to eat the marlin's head, Santiago realizes the fish has been completely devoured. When the oar breaks, Santiago rips out the skiff's tiller and continues fighting. That night, an entire school of sharks arrives. But each shark has bitten the great marlin, increasing the flow of blood. He kills three more sharks before the blade of the knife snaps, and he clubs two more sharks into submission. He makes a spear by strapping his knife to the end of an oar. He kills a great mako shark with his harpoon but loses the weapon. Santiago berates himself for having gone out too far. The trail of blood from the dead marlin attracts sharks. He sets sail for home, thinking of the high price the fish will bring him at the market and how many people he will feed. Seeing that the fish is too large to fit in the skiff, Santiago lashes it to the side of his boat. He pulls the marlin onto its side and stabs it with a harpoon, killing it. Santiago, almost delirious, draws the line inward, bringing the marlin towards the boat. On the third day, the fatigued marlin begins to circle the skiff. He determines that no one is worthy enough to eat the marlin. Despite this, he expresses compassion and appreciation for the marlin, often referring to him as a brother. The line cuts his hands, his body is sore, and he sleeps little. He uses his other hooks to catch fish and a dolphinfish to eat. He gives slack as needed while the marlin pulls him far from land. With his back, shoulders, and hands, he holds the line for two days and nights. He is unwilling to tie the line to the boat for fear that a sudden jerk from the fish would break the line. By noon, he has hooked a big fish that he is sure is a marlin, but he is unable to haul it in. On the eighty-fifth day of his unlucky streak, Santiago takes his skiff out early. Santiago says that tomorrow, he will venture far out into the Gulf Stream, north of Cuba in the Straits of Florida to fish, confident that his unlucky streak is near its end. Manolin remains dedicated to Santiago, visiting his shack each night, hauling his fishing gear, preparing food, and talking about American baseball and Santiago's favorite player, Joe DiMaggio. Manolin, a young man whom Santiago has trained since childhood, has been forced by his parents to work on a luckier boat.
He is now seen as " salao" (colloquial pronunciation of " salado", which means salty), the worst form of unlucky. Santiago is an aging, experienced fisherman who has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish.
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